CT scan and MRI revealed enlarged right-sided SOV (C, D) associated with cerebral signal void (E, F), suggestive of CCF. Carotid‑cavernous fistula was diagnosed, for the technical difficulty inherent in the case was made a contralateral transvenous approach and embolization with 360° GDG coils, with successful evolution of the patient. Orbit. Dural CCFs typically are low-flow fistulas that consist of communications between the cavernous sinus and cavernous arterial branches (Figure 1b). Posterior and cortical drainage is associated with neurological symptoms (headache, confusion, diplopia) or intracranial haemorrhage [8,9]. Post procedure control runs confirmed complete exclusion of both carotid cavernous fistulas. Interv Neuroradiol. Both cavernous sinuses were accessed via the left facial vein. Neurosurgery. Dilated superior ophthalmic vein: Clinical and radiographic features of 113 cases. CCFs involving a direct connection between ICA and CS were designated as type 5 [11]. Carotid Cavernous Fistula | Radiology Home Radiology Vol. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate three slides at a time, or the slide dot buttons at the end to jump three slides at a time. Am J Ophthalmol. Posttraumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. All patients had eye involvement with proptosis (92%) and involvement of the oculomotor nerve . A case of left spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. J Neurosurg 1985; 62 (2): 248–256. Recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhage over the preceding months, with several days of progressive visual loss and (non-pulsatile) exophalthmos prompted presentation to ED and investigation. 2022 Oct 18;15(10):1726-1728. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2022.10.26. Konishi Y, Hieshima GB, Hara M, Yoshino K, Yano K, Takeuchi K. Neurosurgery. Barrow caroticocavernous fistula classification divides caroticocavernous fistulas into direct (type A) or indirect (types B-D). Spontaneous dural CCFs are usually type D.18 The artery of the inferior cavernous sinus is the most frequently implicated trunk of the ICA, but dural fistulas also may involve the meningohypophyseal trunk and its branches. A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between arteries and veins within the cavernous sinus. rodear lateralmente a la punta de la CI ( a las 12 h. Andjoli Davidhi2, Daniel Felipe Mora Aristizabal1, Miguel Garcia-Junco1, Fernando Aparici-Robles1, 1. 55-year-old male with rapidly progressive right eye proptosis, chemosis, visual loss and orbital compartment syndrome due to a spontaneous Barrow type B indirect caroticocavernous fistula (shunt between meningohypophyseal trunk, an intracavernous branch of the internal carotid artery, and cavernous sinus). Final images show Onyx cast in an appropriate position within cavernous sinus where the caroticocavernous fistula existed prior to embolization. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Enhancement extends into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins bilaterally, which are mildly engorged. Kim DJ, Kim DI, Suh SH, Kim J, Lee SK, Kim EY et al. Traduzioni in contesto per "cavernoso muito" in portoghese-italiano da Reverso Context: Assim, existe um terreno cavernoso muito interessante em Marte, pelo menos desse tipo. (2012). Ellis JA, Goldstein H, Connolly ES Jr, Meyers PM. La fístula carótido-cavernosa, también conocida por sus iniciales FCC, es una comunicación anómala que se produce entre la arteria carótida y el seno cavernoso que se puede extender de forma anterógrada a la órbita y causar un daño importante en la estructura ocular. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Gaillard F, Bickle I, Ramos J, et al. Parte 1: Conceptos básicos y dispositivos, [Traumatic arteriovenous pial fistula masquerading as a carotid-cavernous fistula: an uncommon disorder with an unusual presentation], [Endovascular treatment of non-galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas], Embolización de fístula carótido cavernosa indirecta a través de la vena oftálmica superior, Fístulas durales arteriovenosas intracraneales. Las fistulas carotido-cavernosas son patologias vasculares relativamente infrecuentes que tiene una etiologia de mayor frecuencia traumatica que espontanea. [2] eCollection 2022 Jun 20. Lewis AI, Tomsick TA, Tew JM Jr . Liu H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Cheng J, Yip P, Tu Y . Srinivas HV, Murthy S, Brown R . de Keizer RJW . 2009;30(3):462-8. 2018 Jul;18(1):183. (b) Gross anatomic axial section showing branches of the cavernous portion of the ICA. Ophthalmologist may be the first physician to encounter a patient with clinical manifestations of CCF, and this review article should help in understanding the clinical features of CCF, current diagnostic approach, usefulness of the available imaging modalities, possible modes of treatment and expected outcome. Causes include penetrating or blunt trauma, rupture of an ICA aneurysm within the cavernous sinus, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type IV, or iatrogenic interventions, including transarterial endovascular intervention, internal carotid endarterectomy, percutaneous treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, trans-sphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumour, and maxillofacial surgery.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. J Vis Exp. Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the CS and ICA or between CS and dural branches of ICA and/or ECA. Using the contralateral hand, the patient compresses the ICA on the involved side, thus lowering the carotid arterial pressure through the fistula. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB (eds). Based on history and imaging studies, diagnosis of CCF was made (B), This 51-year-old man presented with right-sided proptosis, dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure and dilated episcleral vessels (A, B). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Endovascular occlusion of dural cavernous fistulas through a superior ophthalmic vein approach. Cea mai obișnuită cauză a formării anastomozei carotide-cavernoase este trauma craniocebrală, mai puțin frecvent - procesele infecțioase, anomalii în dezvoltarea arterei carotide interne. A CCF can be due to a direct connection between the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, or a communication between the cavernous sinus, and one or more meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery, external carotid artery or both. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1994; 63: 266–270. 1999;127:736–7. Carotid-cavernous and orbital arteriovenous fistulas: ocular features, diagnostic and hemodynamic considerations in relation to visual impairment and morbidity. 2022 Dec 30;101(52):e32265. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2005, pp 2263–2296. Ono K, Oishi H, Tanoue S, Hasegawa H, Yoshida K, Yamamoto M et al. En los 6 restantes se realizó toracotomía. When an endovascular approach is not feasible or has been unsuccessful, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be considered for treatment of a dural CCF. Chong GT, Mukundan S, Kirkpatrick JP, Zomorodi A, Sampson JH, Bhatti MT . Indirect forms have an abnormal bypass between the meningeal branches of the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the same sinus. Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula patients presenting with headache as an initial symptom. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Jan 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-4018, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":4018,"questionManager":null,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/barrow-classification-of-caroticocavernous-fistulae/questions/1886?lang=us"}. According to Barrow classification, a CCF can derive from a direct communication between ICA and CS (type A) or indirect between meningeal branches of ICA and CS (type B), ECA branches and CS (type C) or meningeal branches of both ICA and ECA (type D) [10]. PubMed Google Scholar. Accessibility Development of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) after Onyx embolisation of a cavernous carotid fistula. Se pudo embolizar las arterias patológicas de forma satisfactoria en 281 (97,9%). Endovascular treatment was clinically successful in 256 of those patients (91.1%). 8. This 25-year-old man presented with chief complaints of right eye proptosis, decreased vision…, This 51-year-old man presented with right-sided proptosis, dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure and…, This 17-year-old male presented with sudden development of decreased vision in the left…, MeSH Tiene un tamaño de aproximadamente 7x8x15 mm en diámetros transverso,craneocaudal y anetroposterior. The embolic material of choice, including detachable balloons, coils, n-butyl cyanoacrylate (acrylic glue), or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx Liquid Embolic System, Micro Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) is then injected into the cavernous sinus through the microcatheter.43 Detachable balloons commonly have been used for fistula repair. Mayo Clin Proc 1979; 54 (10): 651–661. Check for errors and try again. Endovascular treatment of carotico-cavernous fistulas with acrylic glue: a series of nine cases. Sindrome del seno cavernoso : oftalmoplejia,pérdida de sensibilidad oftálmica y maxilar. Non-invasive imaging modalities (CT/CT angiography (CTA), MR/MR angiography (MRA), Doppler) are used as the initial work-up of a possible CCF. An official website of the United States government. Color Doppler US of the orbit. Correspondence to AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16 (3): 483–485. Articles. Ophthalmology 1987; 94 (12): 1585–1600. Supply from the right meningohypophyseal trunk to the right caroticocavernous fistula with retrograde opacification of the superior orbital vein. Axial computed tomographic scan (left) and postcontrast magnetic resonance image (right) show enlargement of the left SOV in a patient with a left-sided, anteriorly draining, CCF. an . Opacification of right cavernous sinus noted, with likely previously partially thrombosed right inferior petrosal sinus and portions of the cavernous sinus. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.240. As in this case, indirect fistulas most commonly involve meningeal branches from the ECA. Barr JD, Mathis JM, Horton JA . CAS Neurosurg Focus 2007; 23 (5): 1–15. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. doi: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000097. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Definición. Long-term endovascular treatment outcome of 46 patients with cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas presenting with ophthalmic symptoms. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Util fundamentelmente para valorar erosiones óseas y lesiones calcificadas . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In addition, enlargement of the SOV on standard CT scanning or MR imaging (MRI), either unilaterally or bilaterally, has been found to be suggestive of a CCF (Figure 8).28 CT and MRI also may show orbital congestion, with enlargement of the extraocular muscles and periorbital fat, and convexity of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.34 However, as these findings are not specific for a CCF, patients in whom a CCF is suspected still may require DSA, which remains the gold standard for classification and diagnosis of CCF and can be both diagnostic and therapeutic. Schievink WI, Piepgras DG, Earnest F, Gordon H . ) o tejido interpuesto entre la pared lateral del SC y la CI.Fig. have also proposed further dividing type D into D1 (unilateral supply) and D2 (bilateral supply) 4. J Neurosurg 2017; 126 (6): 1995–2001. 211, No. Neuroradiology. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The intracavernous hypertension is considered the major factor in the pathogenesis of CCFs. There is right-sided proptosis, diffuse thickening of right extra-ocular muscles, mild periorbital swelling and mild soft tissue stranding/edema in the right intraorbital fat. Ophthalmological examination revealed “corkscrew” appearance of conjunctival vessels. Indications for treatment and classification of 132 carotid-cavernous fistulas. Google Scholar. A red eye and then a really red eye. J Clin Exp Dent. Neuroophthalmologic abnormalities and intravascular therapy of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas. A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between arteries and veins within the cavernous sinus. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed the diagnosis, demonstrating several arterial branches from both left external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), but mainly from right ICA, communicating with the left cavernous sinus. Choi JH, Jo KI, Kim KH, Jeon P, Yeon JY, Kim JS, Hong SC. Epub 2014 Aug 28. 2007;23(5):E13. Fig. Guven Yilmaz S, Yazici B, Cetinkaya A, Yagci A . Barrow type B fistulas involve meningeal branches of the ICA, Barrow type C involve external carotid branches, and Barrow type D fistulas include meningeal branches from both the internal and external carotid arteries. There are a number of causes, however, aneurysm rupture and trauma are by far the most common: ruptured intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm trauma (including surgery/angiography) other causes include Color Doppler imaging shows characteristic SOV findings (dilatation, increased velocity, arterial pulsation and reversal of blood flow direction), suggesting that Doppler can help not only in the diagnosis but also in the follow-up of patients with CCFs [13,14]. As up to 70% of dural CCFs close spontaneously due to local thrombosis of the SOV propagating posteriorly, observation or conservative treatment techniques not only are acceptable but also are the preferred approaches to management in cases without high-risk features.20, 33, 37, 51 Initially, spontaneous closure may be associated with exacerbation of the clinical symptoms and signs; in this setting, patients may require repeat angiography.34 Closure of dural CCFs also has been reported after diagnostic angiography and air travel.17, 37, 49 If invasive intervention is not warranted, patients may use techniques of occlusion, such as external manual carotid compression, to promote resolution of the CCF. Dural carotid-cavernous fistula presenting with confusion and expressive aphasia. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Teaching NeuroImages: carotid-cavernous fistula caused by fibromuscular dysplasia. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 10 Jan 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-153571 ANATOMIA: Fig. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Fig. Fistula Carotid cavernosus dapat diartikan sebagai perubahan, perpindahan atau pergeseran arteri vena di dura. Case report. Ogilvy CS, Motiei-Langroudi R, Ghorbani M, Griessenauer CJ, Alturki AY, Thomas AJ . 1998;125:527–44. As dural CCFs often resolve spontaneously, low-risk cases may be managed conservatively. When there is suspicion for a CCF, in-office evaluation may include standard tonometry, pneumotonometry, ultrasonography, and/or colour Doppler imaging. Neurosurgery 1988; 22 (2): 285–289. J Neurosurg 2011; 114: 129–132. Thomas et al. Google Scholar. Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Boletín de la Asociación Médica de Puerto Rico, Revista Portuguesa De Otorrinolaringologia E Cirurgia Cervico Facial, 1.ª edición Oftalmología Manual CTO de Medicina y Cirugía, JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA, Tumor benigno y maligno sangrante. Adam CR, Shields CL, Gutman J, Kim HJ, Hayek B, Shore JW et al. Golnik KC, Miller NR . The most commonly involved branch of the external carotid artery is the internal maxillary artery, with other implicated branches being the middle and accessory meningeal arteries, ascending pharyngeal artery, anterior deep temporal artery, and posterior auricular artery.19 Causes of dural fistulas include hypertension, fibromuscular dysplasia, Ehlers–Danlos type IV, and dissection of the ICA.20, 21, 22, 23 Post-menopausal women most commonly are affected.19, The pathogenesis of dural CCFs likely involves a primary thrombosis of cavernous sinus venous outflow channels and resultant vascular alterations to provide collateral flow.22, 24, 25 This theory of pathogenesis is widely supported because it also accounts for the development of arteriovenous fistulas involving other dural sinuses.18 However, some authors favour a conflicting theory, which purports that dural CCFs form after rupture of one or more thin-walled dural arteries, leading to the dilation of pre-existing dural-arterial anastomoses. A technical description and initial results. On-treatment isolated superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis complicated with carotid cavernous fistula: a case report. 2015 Nov;57(11):1153-61. doi: 10.1007/s00234-015-1597-2. Andrade G, Ponte de Souza ML, Marques R, Silva JL, Abath C, Azevedo-Filho HR . A type A fistula is a direct, high flow fistula between the cavernous internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. These fistulas may be divided into spontaneous or traumatic in relation to cause and direct or dural in relation to angiographic findings. Management of acute orbital hemorrhage with obstruction of the ophthalmic artery during attempted coil embolization of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus. MeSH PubMed Congenital fistula of the dural carotid-cavernous sinus: case report and review of the literature. In 2015 Thomas et al. 2003 Jun;22(2):121–42. Lang M, Habboub G, Mullin JP, Rasmussen PA . Long-term clinical outcome of spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistulae supplied by dural branches of the internal carotid artery. Cruz JP, van Dijk R, Krings T, Agid R . Eye 32, 164–172 (2018). A CCF can be due to a direct connection between the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, or a communication between the cavernous sinus, and one or more meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery, external carotid artery or both. Management of nontraumatic vascular shunts involving the cavernous Sinus. - Gas : en ausencia de traumatismo y de signos infecciosos gas en el SC se considera un hallazgo normal , años con una fístula carótido-cavernosa (FCC) por medio de un microcatéter. - Depósitos de grasa : la presencia de grasa en el SC es un hallazgo normal,ésta puede ser más prominente en pacientes obesos,con Sd. Indications for intervention include uncontrollable IOP, unremitting diplopia, severe proptosis with corneal exposure, optic neuropathy, retinal ischaemia, severe bruit, and cortical venous drainage from the fistula. Direct traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: angiographic classification and treatment strategies. It is the most common CCF following head trauma. Patients in whom a CCF is suspected require neuroimaging that may include non-invasive computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). 1 Metrics PDF download Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2009; 19 (2): 241–255. Nomura M, Mori K, Tamase A, Kamide T, Seki S, Iida Y et al. Meyers PM, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Lempert TE, Malek AM, Phatouros CC et al. Kuether TA, O'Neill OR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL . Patients with CCF may have predisposing causes, which need to be elicited. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 32 anos de idade com fístula carótido-cavernosa devida a traumatismo crânio-encefálico. Epub 2018 Sep 23. 2018;32(2):164–72. Direct carotid cavernous fistula after trigeminal balloon microcompression gangliolysis: case report. -, Stanton DC, Kempers KG, Hendler BH, Cutilli BJ, Hurst RW. Newton TH, Hoyt WF . Se extiende desde el ápex orbitario y la fisura orbitaria superior a nivel anterior y hasta el cavum de Meckel y la dura a nivel posterior. intracavernous internal carotid artery, and the... meningeal branches of the intracavernous internal carotid artery, and the... meningeal branches of the external carotid artery, and the... meningeal branches of the intracavernous internal carotid artery (type B), and the... meningeal branches of the external carotid artery (type C), and the... 1. This classification was proposed by Barrow et al. Transvenous embolization of dural carotid cavernous fistulas: a series of 44 consecutive patients. Endovascular approach demonstrates the most effective clinical outcome as the primary CCFs treatment option but should be tailored for each patient based on the characteristics of the CCFs. Department of Radiology, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki A.H.E.P.A., Stilp. Thomas AJ, Chua M, Fusco M, Ogilvy CS, Tubbs RS, Harrigan MR, et al. Normal right external carotid artery branches without supply to the caroticocavernous fistula. JAMA 1983; 249 (11): 1473–1475. Bink A, Goller K, Luchtenberg M, Neumann-Haefelin T, Dutzmann S, Zanella F et al. 2009 Oct;20(4):447–52. Os autores apresentam um caso de urna Fistula Carótido-Cavernosa com proptose contralateral, num paciente de 74 anos, que havia sofrido um traumatismo… Google Scholar. Am J Roentgenol 1989; 153 (3): 577–582. Thomas AJ, Chua M, Fusco M, Ogilvy CS, Tubbs RS, Harrigan MR, Griessenauer CJ (2015). J Neuroophthalmol 2010; 30 (2): 138–144. Patients with any associated visual impairment or ocular conditions, such as glaucoma, need to be identified and treated. Chi CT, Nguyen D, Duc VT, Chau HH, Son VT. Interv Neuroradiol. Neuroradiology 2006; 48 (7): 486–490. Interv Neuroradiol 2013; 19 (4): 445–454. [13] Clinical symptoms and signs usually present acutely in cases of direct fistula and are more indolent in dural fistulas. Non-contrast CT brain is otherwise normal. Types B, C, and D are more common in women older than 50 years, with a 7:1 female-to-male ratio. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads. Because of a high incidence of spontaneous resolution, patients with dural-cavernous sinus fistulas who show signs of venous thrombosis at angiography should be followed conservatively. N R Miller. Google Scholar. Transvenous n-butyl-cyanoacrylate infusion for complex dural carotid cavernous fistulas: technical considerations and clinical outcome. Approximately 70% of all CCFs are caused . eCollection 2022 Oct. Inset shows that the injection is due to tortuous vessels containing arterial blood (ie, arterialized vessels). Spontaneous angiographic changes in venous drainage patterns related to symptom changes in patients with untreated cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula. Cierre de defectos cardiacos y cortocircuitos, Acufeno púlsátil - Caso clínico de fístula arteriovenosa dural e revisão da literatura, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE MEDICINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MEDICINA: CIÊNCIAS CIRÚRGICAS CLASSIFICAÇÃO ANÁTOMO-RADIOLÓGICA DOS ANEURISMAS DA ARTÉRIA COMUNICANTE POSTERIOR, Patología de la Órbita y Aparato Lagrimal ÓRBITAS, Manual AMIR Oftalmologia 9a Edicion booksmedicos, Malformación arterio venosa del piso anterior de la base de cráneo ARTERIO VENOUS MALFORMATION OF THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE CRANEAL BASE, [Ischemic optic neuropathy following a dural arteriovenous fistula. Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas occurring during neurointerventional procedures. 2015;77(3):380–5. Griessenauer CJ, He L. Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. and transmitted securely. [6] To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. [7] Unexpected server response. Transvenous injection of Onyx for casting of the cavernous sinus for the treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Henderson AD, Miller NR. T1 sin y con contraste con cortes finos y secuencias 3D muy potenciadas en T2 CISS ( Constructive Interference in Steady State ).. TAC : se deben realizar adquisiciones con cortes finos y contraste intravenoso . Cincinnati: Digital Education Publishing; 13–22. Kirsch M, Henkes H, Liebig T, Weber W, Esser J, Golik S et al. 67 % were female and 33 % male. Indirect carotid cavernous fistulas are more likely to develop insidiously in postmenopausal females, as in this case. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Classification and angiography of carotid cavernous fistulas. Wang J, Shen X, Miao N, Yang G, Zhang M, Yang D, Liu Y, Wu T. Medicine (Baltimore). carotid‑cavernous fistulas are spontaneous or acquired connections between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, being classified as direct or indirect; being usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women, but are also associated with other pathologies such as pregnancy, sinusitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Proposal of Venous Drainage–Based Classification System for Carotid Cavernous Fistulae With Validity Assessment in a Multicenter Cohort. Diagnosis and management of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. 1 Previous Next Book Reviews Carotid Cavernous Fistula Published Online: Apr 1 1999 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.211.1.r99ap27264 Full text PDF Tools Share Article History Published in print: Apr 1999 Figures References Related Details Vol. CT, MR, Neuroradiology brain, Head and neck, © 2003-2023 ESR - European Society of Radiology, https://dx.doi.org/10.1594/seram2012/S-1003.
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